Poultry disease studied as cancer treatment

This grant has been awarded to researchers at the Blacksburg and College Park, Md., campuses of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine.

The US$430,000 grant will allow Drs Elankumaran Subbiah; assistant professor in the Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology at Virginia Tech; and Siba Samal, associate dean of the college's University of Maryland campus, to build upon existing work that is focused on the use of reverse genetics to alter the Newcastle Disease virus to treat prostate cancer.

Reverse genetics is the process of generating a recombinant virus from cloned complimentary DNA or cDNA copy, says Subbiah. Through the reverse genetics system, recombinant viruses can be designed to have specific properties that make them attractive as biotechnological tools, live vaccines, and cancer therapies. The change is achieved through the introduction of the desired changes in the cDNA, which are then transferred faithfully to the recombinant virus.

“This differs from the previous work in that the recombinant [Newcastle Disease virus] will be targeted against different types of proteases,” said Subbiah. “Different types of cancer cells secrete different types of proteases. We are tailoring the virus to match the type of protease secreted by the cancer cells.”

Normal, healthy cells have an interferon antiviral system that activates upon infection with the virus, thereby preventing replication of the virus, explains Subbiah. Cancer cells, however, have defective interferon antiviral systems. [Newcastle] utilises these defects to replicate specifically in the diseased cells. The replication of the virus generates apoptosis—also known as programmed cell death or cell suicide—in the diseased cell.
No risk to humans

According to Subbiah, the use of poultry viruses as cancer therapy poses no threat to humans and several other oncolytic viruses are currently being explored to treat cancer. However, Subbiah's work is the first to alter the Newcastle disease virus through a reverse genetic system for selective protease targeting.

“We are excited about the endless possibilities that Newcastle Disease virus offers to treat cancer,” said Subbiah.