Also known as Salmonellosis
Paratyphoid (Salmonellosis) occurs worldwide in all poultry species and all ages however usually in young poultry. There are more than 2000 Salmonellas. A lot of them can infect chickens. S. Enteritidis and S. typhimurium are salmonellas. The most important is a facultative anaerobic, motile with flagellation, which produces endotoxins. Many routes of transmission. Difficult to eradicate as it can be transmitted by many wild biological vectors.
- Causes of Paratyphoid >
- Effects of Paratyphoid >
- Diagnosis of Paratyphoid >
- Treatment & Control of Paratyphoid >
Causes of Paratyphoid
Chickens of all ages, are susceptible to this acute to chronic disease. The agents involved in the aetiology of this disease are Salmonella enteritidis / typhimurium and other species, at least 33 Salmonella shown to infect birds. All are serologically related. They are a facultative anaerobic, motile with flagellation and produce endotoxins.
Effects of Paratyphoid
Young
Young birds tremble, whereas birds older than 1 month are usually subclinical. Young birds act cold, and gasp are anorexic (do not eat). Watery diarrhea, blindness, conjunctivitis, weakness and lame ness can occur.
Adults
Subclinical.
Post mortem lesions
Congested organs, caeca caseous, necrotic foci in the heart and air sacs may be seen. Unabsorbed yolks, pericarditis, arthritis, haemorrhagic enteritis in the duodenum and haemorrhagic streaks in the liver can occur.
Diagnosis of Paratyphoid
Serologic ELISA haemagglutination plate agglutination test can screen antibodies in the bird.
Salmonella can be cultured from faeces or lesions on tetrathionate broth base with or selenite brilliant green agar. There are no definitive signs or lesions.
Treatment & Control of Paratyphoid
Prevention
Fumigation of hatching eggs with formaldehyde on the farms. Collect hatching eggs 5 times per day. Clean eggs, breeders test positive for serum using ELISA.
Fumigation of hatching eggs with formaldehyde on the farms. Collect hatching eggs 5 times per day. Clean eggs, breeders test positive for serum using ELISA.
Inject chicks at 1 day with antibiotics (gentamicin (0.2 mg), naxal or spenctinomycin). Irradiation of meat where available. Chlorinate water in the processing plant. Commercial and live attenuated vaccine available for pullets against S. Enteritidis and S. typhimurium. Dipping poultry carcass in trisodium phosphate to prevent attachment of bacteria to the carcass. Probiotics given by feed or water at any early age of life.
Treatment
Nitrofuran (50-200 g / T), neomycin, gentamicin and sulfur drugs can be used. Competitive exclusion of Salmonella from the intestinal tract with Lactobacillus or other probiotic cultures.
Break out an pasteurisé all eggs from S. enteritidis-infected flocks.
