Occurrence: Worldwide. Species affected: All. Turkeys and broiler breeders most susceptible. Age affected: All.

Effects: Signs include snicking, rales, sneezing, nasal discharge, foamy conjunctivitis and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses. Submandibular oedema, torticollis and cerebral disorientation may occur. Mortality 0-10%. A drop in egg production and morbidity approaching 100% of the flock may also be seen.

All species of bird, in particular turkeys and broiler breeders, of all ages, are susceptible to this acute to chronic disease. The agent involved in the aetiology of this disease is from the Paramyxovirus family (pneumovirus). Various serotypes occur: Type A originated from UK, Type B from European continent and South Africa, Type C was found in Colorado USA.

Virus spreads by airborne and mechanical routes (feed, water and equipment).

Clinical signs:

Signs include snicking, ratles, sneezing, nasal discharge, foamy conjunctivitis and swelling of the infraorbital sinuses.

Submandibular oedema, mortality 0-10%, torticollis, and cerebral disorientation may occur. A drop in egg production and morbidity approaching 100% of the flock may also be seen.

Yellow oedema and/or haemorrhaging in nasal turbinates, trachea and subcutaneous layer of skin around head can be evident.

Viral isolation from the trachea, lungs or nasal exudate in embryonating turkey eggs or chicken organ cultures are diagnostic. The virus can only be isolated in the very acute stage.

Serological tests include virus neutralisation, ELISA.

Live vaccines for broilers and breeders and killed vaccines for breeders. Most vaccines are of turkey origin and A type. There also exists a vaccine of the B type and some vaccines of chicken origin. Homologous strains seem more effective as live vaccine.

Antibiotics for secondary invaders, fresh air in the house and reduced stocking density are all helpful.

Back to "S" Health & Diseases page

Back to main Health & Diseases page